Hidden Electricity Fees & Taxes by State

Model coverage: Rate FD files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate, tiered and seasonal (June–September: 12.4384¢ first 1,000 kWh / 12.6913¢ over; October–May: 12.4384¢ first 750 / 11.2384¢ over), blended to 12.31¢ at 900 kWh. Those charges already embed the Rate RSE and Rate CNP adjustment factors, which the PSC has held steady through 2027. The bundle shown also counts the Rate ECR fuel factor (blended 2.65¢) as energy.

Tax coverage: Alabama utility gross receipts and municipal license taxes are added under Rate T and vary by locality; not included.

Model coverage: Chugach is a member-owned cooperative regulated by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska, and files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate with no published generation-versus-delivery split. The bundle shown also counts the fuel charge (4.938¢) and the purchased power charge (1.477¢) as energy, because both recover fuel and purchased power at cost. Modeled on the South District, Chugach's legacy territory; the 16.182¢ energy charge is an interim and refundable rate pending rate case TA577-8, in which Chugach has proposed a permanent 16.028¢ energy charge alongside a higher $14.50 customer charge. The BRU contributed capital surcharge (1.469¢) is counted as a fee rather than energy: under Commission Order U-18-102(44) it amortizes a $136 million net capital contribution over ten years at 5% interest, billed as a surcharge to South District customers and paid out as a rebate to the North District. That one line is the only difference between Chugach's two districts — the same residential bill in the North District (the former Municipal Light & Power territory) carries a 2.045¢ rebate instead of the surcharge, totalling 20.8948¢/kWh before the customer charge against the South District's 24.4088¢. Alaska's EIA state average blends in remote rural cooperatives whose rates run far above any Railbelt utility, which is why the anchor lands below the state average.

Tax coverage: Alaska's gross revenue tax is billed as a flat 0.05¢/kWh line rather than a percentage of the bill, so it sits in the riders blend instead of the tax field. A 2% undergrounding surcharge applies only to customers inside the Municipality of Anchorage and is excluded because it is locality-dependent.

Model coverage: APS publishes a full energy-versus-delivery split only for its flat-rate R-1 plan, so that is the plan that can be modeled honestly at a fixed 900 kWh. APS's own tariff designates the R-1 middle tier (601–999 kWh) as "the prevailing basic service single family residential rate" for purposes of A.R.S. §§ 33-1413.01(B) and 33-2107(B)(3), and 900 kWh falls inside that tier; the daily Basic Service Charge is converted at 30.44 days. Generation plus the Power Supply Adjustor forms the energy line; the delivery, transmission and system benefits charges plus the current bill adjustors form the non-energy line. APS's default plan is time-of-use, which cannot be modeled at a flat 900 kWh without an hourly load shape we cannot source, so this row is a representative flat-plan comparison rather than a claim about APS's average customer — the OpenEI URDB model of the time-of-use blend is about 10% lower. The 22.0% gap above the EIA state average is disclosed rather than forced: Arizona's average also blends in Salt River Project, a large consumer-owned utility that is a political subdivision of the state and sets its own rates outside Arizona Corporation Commission jurisdiction.

Tax coverage: Arizona franchise fees, city sales taxes, and regulatory-assessment pass-throughs vary by location and are excluded rather than estimated.

Model coverage: Entergy Arkansas files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (Rate RS); this reproduces the utility's own July 2026 sample bill (published at 1,000 kWh, $149.82 before taxes) scaled to 900 kWh. The bundle shown counts the base energy charge (7.392¢, summer level — the rate is seasonal and tiered) plus the Rider ECR fuel factor (1.508¢) as energy. Like Entergy's Mississippi affiliate, the striking feature is the Formula Rate Plan rider: a 52.44% surcharge on base rates (~$39.29/mo at 900 kWh) that more than half again the base bill, offset slightly by MISO, capacity-cost, and tax-credit riders that currently run negative.

Tax coverage: Entergy's official sample bill is stated 'without state, city or local taxes.' Arkansas levies a reduced state sales-tax rate on residential utilities plus varying local taxes; they are excluded rather than estimated.

Model coverage: PG&E bills an income-graduated Base Services Charge; this row models the standard Tier 3 customer at $24.15/mo. Delivery and riders are tier-blended to 24.23 cents/kWh for 900 kWh under PG&E Schedule E-1; the raw per-line components below are the filed line items and some carry stale 2021 effective dates or sanity flags.

Model coverage: Public Service Company of Colorado publishes one bundled residential base rate on Schedule R rather than a generation-versus-delivery split. Time-of-use is the default for smart-meter customers, but it cannot be modeled at a flat 900 kWh without an hourly load shape; Schedule R therefore provides the reproducible flat-plan basis. This model seasonally weights eight winter months at 8.570¢/kWh and four summer months at 10.380¢/kWh. The bundled energy line includes the base rate, Purchased Capacity Cost Adjustment and Electric Commodity Adjustment; the remaining riders and the published 3.25% RESA/CEPR/CEPA adjustment are disclosed separately. Every figure is taken from Xcel's own "Summary of Electric Rates as of 07-01-26" and reconciles to that sheet's printed Total Monthly Rate column within 0.0004¢/kWh. The tariff model is 4.6% above the EIA state average.

Tax coverage: Colorado exempts energy sold for residential use from state sales tax (C.R.S. 39-26-715), and the exemption also covers the RTD and CD district taxes. Home-rule city utility taxes and municipal franchise fees vary by locality and bill as separate lines, so they are excluded rather than estimated.

Model coverage: Connecticut is a retail-choice state; energy here is Eversource's standard-service supply rate (11.577¢/kWh, July 1 – December 31, 2026, set by PURA-supervised procurement and published on Eversource's Connecticut supply-rate page; the state's EnergizeCT rate board still lists only the January–June rate). The large gap below the EIA reference is timing, not modeling: EIA's April 2026 state average reflects the January–June supply rate (12.641¢) and the pre-May rate design, while supply fell 8% on July 1 and PURA's May 1, 2026 reallocation swung the Federally Mandated Congestion Charge to a −1.911¢/kWh credit. Delivery and public-benefits rates are PURA-adjusted semi-annually.

Tax coverage: Connecticut exempts residential electricity from sales tax.

Model coverage: Delaware is a retail-choice state; Delmarva files delivery and supply separately and most households take the default Standard Offer Service (SOS). Energy here is the SOS supply rate (10.61¢ summer / 10.91¢ winter, month-weighted to 10.81¢; includes the SOS admin component). A $67.8M base-rate increase requested January 2026 is pending — it would raise the customer charge to $15.94/mo, with interim rates possible from July 9, 2026.

Tax coverage: No state tax on residential bills: Delaware's 4.25% public utilities tax applies to non-residential service. The City of Wilmington adds a 2% franchise tax on delivery and supply inside city limits (not included).

Model coverage: DC is a retail-choice jurisdiction; most households take Pepco's default Standard Offer Service. Energy here is the Schedule R Price to Compare (17.63¢/kWh, June 1, 2026 – May 31, 2027), which bundles generation and transmission — so transmission cannot be split out as a separate fee line. Distribution uses the Rate Year 2 (calendar 2026) charges from Pepco's multi-year rate plan: first 400 kWh at 1.982¢, then 5.659¢ summer / 3.952¢ winter, blended to 3.47¢ at 900 kWh. The eight District surcharges are the DCPSC bill-calculator values effective June 1, 2025 (updated annually); a small tiered EDIT credit is excluded because its current value is not published.

Tax coverage: DC has no separate percentage sales tax on residential electricity; instead the District's delivery tax (0.7¢/kWh) and public-space/energy surcharges are billed per kWh and itemized above.

Tax coverage: 7% Florida state sales tax + 3% franchise fee. Municipal utility taxes (up to ~10% in some cities) are not included.

Model coverage: Schedule R-31 files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate, tiered in summer (8.7738¢ first 650 kWh / 14.5738¢ next 350) and flat 8.2116¢ in winter, blended to 8.94¢ at 900 kWh. The bundle shown also counts the Fuel Cost Recovery rider (seasonal 3.8069/3.8561¢, blended 3.84¢) as energy. Rider values are from the Georgia PSC's official bill calculator, effective June 1, 2026 — including the June 2026 fuel/storm settlement decrease.

Tax coverage: Municipal franchise fee modeled at the inside-city rate (3.0843% of the bill; outside city limits it is 1.1995%). Any applicable sales taxes vary by locality and are not included.

Model coverage: Oahu, Schedule R, June 2026 Effective Rate Summary. HECO files one bundled energy-and-delivery base rate (10.6812¢ first 350 kWh / 11.8347¢ next 850, blended to 11.39¢ at 900 kWh); the bundle shown also counts the fuel-driven Energy Cost Recovery (29.083¢) and Purchased Power Adjustment (2.2897¢) as energy. Components reconcile to HECO's published effective rates (46.50/47.89¢) to within 0.01¢. Compared against the statewide EIA average even though Oahu is the cheapest island (Maui and Hawaii Island run higher).

Tax coverage: Hawaii's public service company tax and county franchise taxes are embedded in rates rather than billed as separate lines.

Model coverage: Schedule 1 files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate, tiered and seasonal (non-summer 9.9332¢ first 800 kWh / 10.4305¢ next block; summer 12.1195¢ / 13.2995¢), blended to 10.74¢ at 900 kWh over 8 non-summer and 4 summer months. The bundle shown also counts the Power Cost Adjustment (0.5392¢) and the BPA Columbia River credit (−0.0305¢) as energy.

Tax coverage: City franchise fees vary by municipality and Idaho's kilowatt-hour tax line is not separately quantified in the utility's published pricing; neither is included.

Model coverage: Illinois is a retail-choice state; modeled on ComEd's default supply for a single-family, non-electric-heat home. Energy is the effective July 2026 supply price (summer Price to Compare 10.399¢ — 8.677¢ supply + 1.722¢ transmission — plus the 0.247¢ monthly Purchased Electricity Adjustment), so transmission cannot be split out as a separate fee line. Delivery rates are the January 1, 2026 tariff levels documented by the Citizens Utility Board. ComEd customers also receive a variable Carbon-Free Energy Resource Adjustment credit under Illinois' climate law — it averaged roughly $13/mo of credits January–May 2026 but changes with market conditions, so it is excluded rather than estimated.

Tax coverage: Illinois' electricity excise tax (0.33¢/kWh for the first 2,000 kWh each month) is carried as a per-kWh line in the riders total. Municipal utility taxes — including Chicago's — vary by locality and are excluded.

Model coverage: Rate RS files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate, tiered (18.6556¢ first 300 kWh / 13.5777¢ next 700 / 12.3051¢ over 1,000), blended to 15.27¢ at 900 kWh; the bundle also counts the Q3-2026 fuel tracker (0.4667¢) as energy. Uniquely in this dataset, the disclosed rider stack nets NEGATIVE (−0.23¢/kWh) because the Credits Adjustment (−0.604¢) currently outweighs the infrastructure, RTO, reliability and generation trackers. Tracker values are Duke's official Q3 2026 quarterly rate adjustments.

Tax coverage: Indiana imposes a 7% sales tax on electricity sold by public utilities (Indiana DOR); exemptions apply only to qualifying production activities, not residences.

Model coverage: MidAmerican files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (Rate RS: 10.575¢/kWh all summer, 8.044¢ first 1,000 kWh in winter, blended to 8.89¢ at 900 kWh); the bundle also counts the annual Energy Adjustment Clause fuel factor (0.802¢, effective June 30, 2025) as energy. MidAmerican is one of the cheapest utilities in the country and runs 19% below Iowa's EIA average, which blends the pricier Alliant/Interstate Power and Light territory. Marked medium confidence: the equalization, phase-in, and tax-revision adjustment clauses apply per the tariff but their current factors are not published in the consolidated tariff book, so small residual adjustments may not be captured.

Tax coverage: Iowa exempts residential electricity from state sales tax; local-option sales taxes (typically 1%) and per-city franchise fees recovered through the Electric Tax Adjustment vary by locality and are excluded rather than estimated.

Model coverage: Evergy Kansas Central's Residential Standard Service tariff files one bundled base rate rather than an energy-versus-delivery split, and 900 kWh lands exactly on its tier boundary: the first 500 kWh and the next 400 kWh both bill at 9.126¢/kWh in summer and winter alike, so no seasonal or tier blending is needed. Those rates come from the KCC-approved tariff sheet (docket 25-EKCE-294-TAR, approved September 25, 2025, effective October 1, 2025) — the recent rate case this row now reflects. The energy line also carries the July-September 2026 Retail Energy Cost Adjustment fuel factor. Separately disclosed transmission-delivery, property-tax and efficiency riders total 2.956¢/kWh. Cross-check: the base-rate change we model is $8.54/month at 900 kWh against the Commission's published "approximately $8.47," a 0.8% variance. The model sits 4.7% above the EIA state average; locality-specific taxes are excluded.

Tax coverage: Kansas exempts residential electricity from the state 6.5% sales tax, but local sales and franchise taxes may still apply and are excluded rather than estimated.

Model coverage: Rate RS files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate of 11.362¢/kWh under the new base rates from the February 16, 2026 rate case (the tariff discloses an internal split: 7.476¢ 'infrastructure' + 3.886¢ 'variable'). The bundle shown also counts the July 2026 fuel adjustment (0.166¢, changes monthly) as energy. One additional small percentage adjustment (~0.5% of the bill) on LG&E's July 2026 adjustment sheet could not be confidently attributed to a named rider and is conservatively excluded. LG&E serves Louisville; the EIA average blends the pricier KU territory and cooperatives.

Tax coverage: Kentucky franchise fees and school taxes (Rates FF and ST) vary by locality and are not included.

Model coverage: Entergy Louisiana files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (Schedule RS-L); this reproduces the utility's own July 2026 sample bill (published at 1,000 kWh, $140.15 total) scaled to 900 kWh. The bundle counts the base energy charge (3.762¢) plus the fuel adjustment (2.608¢) as energy. The fee story is hurricanes: on top of an 88.0% Formula Rate Plan surcharge on base rates, three securitized LURC hurricane charges (2012, 2020, 2021 storms) together add 30.84% of base rates (~$14.14/mo) — billed even after the line labeled 'Total Bill without taxes' — while five older hurricane-offset riders run as small credits.

Tax coverage: Entergy's official sample bill is stated 'without state, city or local taxes' before the securitized hurricane charges are added; Louisiana state and local taxes vary by locality and are excluded rather than estimated.

Model coverage: Maine is a retail-choice state: the MPUC sets the standard-offer supply rate by competitive auction (12.721¢/kWh for calendar 2026) and CMP bills only delivery. Energy here is the standard offer; delivery is CMP's Rate A effective July 1, 2026 — a $27.37/mo service charge that includes the first 50 kWh, plus 11.959¢/kWh on the remaining usage (11.29¢ effective at 900 kWh). CMP publishes delivery as one combined rate; per the MPUC it bundles distribution, transmission, stranded costs, the conservation assessment, and the lifeline program with no further split.

Tax coverage: Maine exempts the first 750 kWh per month of residential electricity (supply and delivery) from its 5.5% sales tax. At 900 kWh the tax applies to the last 150 kWh — about $2.04/mo, carried as a line item in the riders total rather than as a whole-bill percentage.

Model coverage: Maryland is a retail-choice state; most households take BGE's default Standard Offer Service (SOS). Energy here is the July 2026 SOS supply cost (12.519¢/kWh) published by the Maryland Office of People's Counsel; transmission (2.322¢) is billed with supply but disclosed separately, so it is itemized as a fee. All delivery figures are July 2026 values from BGE's second multi-year rate plan.

Tax coverage: Maryland exempts residential electricity from state sales tax. Small statewide lines (the ~0.015¢/kWh environmental surcharge and the universal service program charge) and Baltimore City's local energy tax are not separately disclosed on the OPC rate summary and are not included.

Model coverage: Massachusetts is a retail-choice state; energy here is Eversource's fixed Basic Service supply rate for Eastern MA (15.629¢/kWh, February 1 – July 31, 2026 — already approved to rise to 17.323¢ on August 1). Delivery lines are the Boston-area R1 rates effective July 1 – December 31, 2026; the energy-efficiency charge uses the Greater Boston value (Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard pay 3.738¢ instead). Eversource's Boston territory runs above the EIA state average, which blends cheaper municipal utilities.

Tax coverage: Massachusetts exempts residential electricity from sales tax.

Model coverage: DTE files power supply and delivery separately, so Michigan is a true split state. The default residential rate (D1.11) is a shallow time-of-use plan (on-peak only 3–7pm weekdays); energy here blends the seasonal on/off-peak supply charges at a 15% on-peak usage share plus the 1.877¢ PSCR fuel factor. The blend is robust: at any on-peak share from 0% to 25% the all-in stays between 23.5¢ and 24.3¢ (+10% to +14% vs EIA). Rates effective March 5, 2026 (MPSC Case U-21860).

Tax coverage: Michigan taxes residential electricity at a reduced 4% sales-tax rate (the general rate is 6%).

Model coverage: Xcel files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate in Minnesota (A01, MPUC-filed rate book: 13.069¢/kWh June–September, 11.364¢ other months, blended to 11.93¢ at 900 kWh); the bundle also counts the monthly fuel clause as energy (June 2.973¢ / July 2.927¢, blended to 2.95¢ per Xcel's bill proration). A temporary 7.14% Interim Rate Surcharge on base charges (rate case E002/GR-24-320, effective January 1, 2025, subject to refund) adds ~$8.10/mo pending final rates — this row will be refreshed when they take effect. The Renewable Energy Standard rider bills as 2.41% of the bill.

Tax coverage: Minnesota's 6.875% state sales tax applies to residential electricity year-round for standard customers (the November–April exemption applies only where electricity is the primary heat source). Local sales taxes — including Minneapolis and St. Paul — apply on top and are excluded.

Model coverage: Built from Entergy Mississippi's own official sample-bill calculation for July 2026 (Rate RS-40C). The rider stack is bigger than the energy line: the 5.874¢ bundled energy charge is joined by a 4.164¢ Formula Rate Plan rider, a 0.522¢ storm rider, and six percentage riders netting +28.87% of the base subtotal — while the fuel adjustment is currently a CREDIT of 1.198¢/kWh (it changes monthly and is counted in the bundled energy line, bringing it to 4.68¢).

Tax coverage: The ad-valorem property-tax rider is included in the riders blend; city franchise fees and any sales taxes vary by locality and are not included.

Model coverage: Ameren Missouri files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (Residential Anytime, MoPSC Case ER-2024-0319): 15.60¢/kWh all summer (June–September), 10.62¢ first 750 kWh / 7.14¢ above in winter, blended to 11.89¢ at 900 kWh; the bundle also counts the Rider FAC fuel factor (0.894¢ secondary voltage, effective June 1, 2026) as energy. Missouri is the least-itemized state in the dataset: the only separately disclosed fees are the 0.19¢/kWh energy-efficiency investment charge and a $0.19/mo low-income pilot charge — everything else is buried in the bundled rate.

Tax coverage: Missouri exempts residential electricity from state sales tax; municipal license, franchise, and gross-receipts taxes vary by locality and are added as a separate bill line, so they are excluded rather than estimated.

Model coverage: Every number here is from the Montana Public Service Commission's own 2026 residential rate summary (June 2026 line): NorthWestern's total volumetric rate is 16.0191¢/kWh, of which 8.1859¢ is the supply rate set annually through the Power Costs and Credit Adjustment Mechanism — the remaining 7.83¢ is delivery, transmission, and tax-tracking adjustments, which the utility does not further itemize in the PSC summary. The $4.20/mo service charge is among the lowest in the dataset, but delivery still roughly matches the cost of the electricity itself. NorthWestern runs about 19% above Montana's EIA average, which blends cheaper cooperative territory.

Tax coverage: Montana has no sales tax; per the Montana PSC, property-tax tracking adjustments are already included in the total rate shown.

Model coverage: OPPD is a public power district. Rate 110 files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate, seasonal (11.937¢ June–September, 9.503¢ October–May), blended to 10.31¢ at 900 kWh; the bundle also counts the 0.521¢ fuel and purchased power adjustment as energy. The $30.00/mo service charge — raised as part of the 2026 budget's 6.3% average rate adjustment — is the second-highest fixed charge in this dataset.

Tax coverage: Any applicable state or local sales taxes and city occupation taxes are not included in this model.

Model coverage: QA corrected the basic service charge from a mis-summed $27.22 to $18.50 (the $8.72 optional net-metering charge was wrongly added in).

Tax coverage: 5% local government fee; varies by political subdivision.

Model coverage: New Hampshire is a retail-choice state; energy is Eversource's default supply rate (11.303¢/kWh, February 1 – July 31, 2026; it resets August 1). Delivery is the Rate R stack for Manchester: a $19.81/mo customer charge — the highest split-state fixed charge in the dataset — plus six per-kWh delivery lines including a legacy stranded-cost recovery charge from the state's restructuring era. Delivery rates adjust up to four times a year (January 1, February 1, August 1, October 1).

Tax coverage: New Hampshire has no sales tax, and the state's electricity consumption tax was repealed in 2019 — no tax line appears on residential bills.

Model coverage: New Jersey is a retail-choice state; energy is PSE&G's Basic Generation Service for June 1, 2026 – May 31, 2027 (summer 12.67¢ first 600 kWh / 13.62¢ above, winter 12.91¢ all kWh including sales tax, blended to 12.94¢ at 900 kWh). Transmission (6.40¢ tax-inclusive) is separately stated and counted as a fee. Distribution uses the consolidated current-charges sheet from the tariff effective July 15, 2026 (summer tiered 8.26¢/8.67¢, winter 4.80¢, tax-inclusive, including infrastructure-program adders), blended to 6.00¢ — societal-benefits recovery rides within these delivery rates. The quarterly BGS reconciliation charge is excluded as a small variable true-up. The model lands at 26.0¢, matching independently reported PSE&G all-in averages exactly.

Tax coverage: New Jersey's 6.625% sales and use tax is included in every stated rate on PSE&G bills (the tariff publishes tax-inclusive prices), so no separate tax line appears; all figures here are the tax-inclusive rates customers actually pay.

Model coverage: PNM files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (Rate 1A blocks: first 450 kWh at 8.96783¢, next 450 at 14.86546¢ summer / 12.82683¢ non-summer, month-weighted to 13.34¢), blended to 11.15¢ at 900 kWh; the bundle shown also counts the FPPCAC fuel factor (2.30217¢ applied to 85.1% of load, 1.96¢ effective) as energy. Rates from the April 1, 2026 tariff (Case 24-00089-UT) with riders as billed from June 2026. Participant- and locality-specific riders (community solar 56/57, Rio Rancho undergrounding 58) are excluded; the San Juan settlement credit (Rider 55) terminated in December 2024.

Tax coverage: New Mexico gross receipts tax is passed through on bills but varies by locality (roughly 6–8%); it is excluded rather than estimated. Rate 1A also allows a special tax and assessment adjustment.

Model coverage: New York is a retail-choice state; energy here is Con Edison's Price to Compare for NYC (17.82¢/kWh through October 31, 2026 — the PSC-overseen default supply price, which already includes the market supply charge, merchant function charge, clean-energy supply surcharge, and GRT on the commodity). Delivery is the standard residential rate (SC1 Rate I / EL1): 16.402¢/kWh year-round for the first 250 kWh and all winter usage, 18.858¢ above 250 kWh in summer (June–September), blended to 16.99¢ at 900 kWh, plus six separately filed statement surcharges and the NYC delivery GRT. Con Edison runs ~42% above New York's EIA average, which blends far cheaper upstate hydro utilities — validated under our utility-anchor exception: the NY Department of Public Service's rate-case figures imply a delivery bill of 23.2¢/kWh at 600 kWh, within 1% of this model's delivery side. Actual monthly supply bills vary with the market (the PTC is a 12-month average).

Tax coverage: New York State exempts residential electricity from its 4% sales tax, but New York City levies a 4.5% local sales tax on the whole bill. Con Edison's gross-receipts tax surcharges are itemized separately above; Westchester municipalities carry different GRT percentages.

Model coverage: Schedule RS files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (12.2603¢/kWh). The bundle shown also counts the two fuel riders (0.2841¢ + 0.6905¢) as energy. All other rider values are from Duke's Summary of Rider Adjustments, Leaf 99, effective July 1, 2026. Fixed charge is the $14.00 basic charge plus the $1.37/mo Clean Energy Portfolio Standard charge.

Tax coverage: North Carolina taxes electricity at the 7% combined general rate of sales and use tax (NCDOR).

Model coverage: Xcel files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate in North Dakota (D01, NDPSC-filed rate book effective May 1, 2026 after the February 2026 order in Case PU-24-376 raised residential rates 12.92%: 9.536¢/kWh June–September, 7.937¢ other months, blended to 8.47¢ at 900 kWh); the bundle also counts the monthly fuel cost rider as energy (June 2.223¢ / July 2.634¢, blended to 2.43¢ per Xcel's bill proration). The fee story is the fixed charge: at $21.50/mo — up from the rate case — the customer charge alone adds 2.39¢/kWh at 900 kWh, more than three times the disclosed riders combined.

Tax coverage: North Dakota exempts electricity from state sales tax (N.D.C.C. § 57-39.2-04). City franchise fees recovered through the City Fee Rider apply only in certain communities and are excluded.

Model coverage: Ohio is a retail-choice state; energy here is AEP Ohio's standard-service-offer generation stack from the utility's own July 2026 bill-calculation workbook (generation energy 7.508¢ + generation capacity 2.659¢ + auction cost reconciliation 0.412¢ = 10.58¢), corroborated by PUCO's published Price to Compare of 10.97¢ for July 1 – September 30, 2026 (the PTC also folds in a small bypassable transmission share, which stays in the transmission fee line here to avoid double counting). Modeled on the Columbus Southern rate zone; AEP Ohio's other zone (Ohio Power) differs slightly in rider levels.

Tax coverage: Ohio's kWh excise tax is recovered inside base rates — the tariff's kWh Tax Rider currently bills at zero — so no separate tax line appears on residential bills.

Model coverage: OG&E files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate in Oklahoma (R-1, OCC Standard Pricing Schedule effective January 1, 2025 under Order 745601: 8.00¢/kWh June–October, 5.80¢ November–May, blended to 6.72¢ at 900 kWh); the bundle also counts the semi-annual Fuel Cost Adjustment as energy (Service Level 5 factors from the June 1, 2026 redetermination: summer 3.1174¢, winter 3.8453¢, blended to 3.54¢). Every rider value is read from the OCC-stamped tariff itself — the disclosed fee story is modest: about 1.25¢/kWh of riders plus a $13.32/mo fixed stack, and the all-in rate lands 2.4% below the EIA state average.

Tax coverage: Oklahoma exempts electricity sold exclusively for residential use from state sales tax (68 O.S. § 1357; OAC 710:65-19-341). Municipal and county sales taxes and franchise payments vary by locality and are excluded.

Model coverage: Modeled for a single-family home on Schedule 7 (multi-family basic charge is $10.00/mo). Energy is the generation commodity: the 3.543¢ base Energy Charge plus the Schedule 125 Annual Power Cost Update (5.619¢) and Schedule 126 power-cost variance (0.214¢), less the Schedule 102 BPA Columbia River credit (−1.112¢). PGE anchors under the utility-level exception: its rate sits 36% above Oregon's EIA average because that average blends much cheaper consumer-owned utilities, but the tariff model and OpenEI URDB (20.93¢) corroborate within 2.6%, and PGE's own April 2026 filing implies ~21.5¢/kWh for a typical customer (within 1.5%).

Tax coverage: Oregon has no sales tax on electricity. The Metro Supportive Housing (Schedule 103) and Multnomah County (Schedule 106) business-tax pass-throughs apply only inside those jurisdictions and are currently set at 0.000%.

Model coverage: Pennsylvania is a retail-choice state; energy here is PECO's default-service Price to Compare (11.759¢/kWh, June 1 – November 30, 2026), which bundles generation and transmission — so unlike Maryland, transmission cannot be split out as a separate fee line. Smaller riders (universal service, energy efficiency, consumer education, DSIC) apply to Rate R but are recovered through adjustments not separately valued in the tariff's rate table.

Tax coverage: Pennsylvania residential electricity is exempt from sales tax; the state's 5.9% gross receipts tax is embedded in the rates rather than billed as a separate line, so no explicit tax line appears.

Model coverage: Rhode Island is a retail-choice state; every number here comes from the utility's RIPUC compliance filing for April 1, 2026 rates. Energy is the Last Resort Service supply net of adjustments (8.788¢ base − 0.355¢ LRS adjustment + 0.256¢ administrative = 8.69¢, April–September 2026; supply resets October 1 and was 14.77¢ last winter — the EIA reference still reflects that, hence the negative delta). The fee story is the point: delivery and riders total 13.79¢/kWh — one and a half times the electricity itself — giving Rhode Island the second-highest non-energy share in the dataset after California.

Tax coverage: Rhode Island's 4% gross earnings tax on utilities is passed through on bills (4.1667% of the pre-tax bill when grossed up, exactly matching the regulator's bill examples); there is no separate sales tax on residential electricity.

Model coverage: Rate 8 files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate: 15.878¢ for the first 800 kWh year-round, with the excess seasonal (17.442¢ May–September, 15.253¢ October–April), blended to 15.91¢ at 900 kWh. The bundle keeps the embedded 3.949¢ fuel component as energy; the embedded DSM, pension and storm components are broken out as riders. A rate-increase request (~$20/mo for an average customer) is pending before the SC PSC.

Tax coverage: Per the tariff, any applicable sales tax, municipal franchise fee or business-license tax is added and varies by locality; none is included in this model.

Model coverage: Xcel Energy files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate in South Dakota (Rate E01, regulator-filed with the SD PUC: 11.153¢/kWh June–September, 9.585¢ other months, blended to 10.11¢ at 900 kWh); the bundle also counts the monthly fuel clause as energy — Xcel prorates bills across the two published months (June 0.547¢ / July 3.843¢, blended to 2.20¢ per the utility's own bill-proration method). The headline fee is temporary: a 29.19% Interim Rate Surcharge on base charges (Docket EL25-024, effective January 1, 2026, subject to refund) adds ~$29/mo while Xcel's rate case is pending — this row will be refreshed when final rates take effect. The infrastructure rider currently runs as a −0.66¢ credit from federal wind and nuclear production tax credits.

Tax coverage: South Dakota's 4.2% state sales tax applies to electric service (the rate reverts to 4.5% in July 2027); municipal sales taxes of up to 2% — including Sioux Falls — apply on top and are excluded.

Model coverage: NES is a municipal distributor of TVA power; TVA regulates its rates. The bundled energy line is the 9.254¢ residential base rate (effective October 2024) plus the TVA Fuel Cost Adjustment (2.803¢ for July 2026 — this component changes monthly). NES's own published example (a $144.86 bill at 1,000 kWh) reproduces from these components exactly. Fixed charges are usage-tiered; the 501–2,000 kWh tier applies at 900 kWh.

Tax coverage: Any applicable state or local taxes are not included in this model.

Model coverage: Texas is deregulated: Oncor bills only the regulated delivery (wires) portion shown here. The energy/supply portion is billed separately by a competitive retail electric provider, so a whole-bill non-energy share and all-in rate are not applicable, and the EIA reference is shown for context only rather than reconciled against. Rates are those on file July 1, 2026, following Oncor's base-rate case in Docket 58306, which raised the Distribution System Charge to 3.6043¢ and reset both the DCRF and the Nuclear Decommissioning Charge to zero. The lines below sum to exactly the 6.1196¢/kWh volumetric charge the Public Utility Commission of Texas reports for Oncor, and the resulting bills reproduce the PUCT's published figures at 500, 1,000 and 2,000 kWh to the cent. Delivery works out to 6.57¢/kWh at 900 kWh. Rider MG is excluded because it is billed only in December.

Tax coverage: Municipal franchise fees and local sales tax are billed by the retail electric provider on the whole bill rather than by Oncor on the delivery portion, and vary by city, so neither is included here.

Model coverage: From the official Utah Price Summary in effect July 1, 2026. Schedule 1 files one bundled energy-and-delivery base rate, tiered and seasonal (Jun–Sep: 9.3199¢ first 400 kWh / 12.0130¢ over; Oct–May: 8.2477/10.6309¢), blended to 9.99¢ at 900 kWh. The bundle shown also counts the EBA fuel adjustment (+7.63%) and REC revenue credit (−0.53%) as energy. Single-family single-phase basis (multi-family basic charge is $7.00/mo).

Tax coverage: Utah state sales tax and municipal energy sales-and-use taxes (up to about 6%) vary by locality and are not included.

Model coverage: Rate 1 files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (21.457¢/kWh, uniform at all hours). The Energy Efficiency Charge is not a GMP charge at all — it is a statewide, PUC-set line on every Vermont bill that funds Efficiency Vermont (2026 residential rate, effective with bills from February 1, 2026). Matches the OpenEI URDB model within 0.2%.

Tax coverage: Vermont's utility gross revenue tax is embedded in rates; no separate tax line is modeled.

Model coverage: Schedule 1 files a true split: distribution (3.5690¢ first 800 kWh / 2.3596¢ over, blended to 3.43¢), base generation (seasonal tiers blended to 3.08¢) and transmission, plus fifteen riders each filed separately. Energy is the base generation rate plus the Rider A fuel charge (3.7648¢, effective 7/1/2026 on an interim basis). The securitized Deferred Fuel Cost bond charge and all resource/policy riders (offshore wind, RPS, nuclear life extension, coal-ash closure, etc.) are counted as riders because they are non-bypassable charges rather than the price of the energy itself.

Tax coverage: Virginia's per-kWh consumption tax (0.1565¢/kWh at residential volumes: state + special regulatory + local components) is included in the riders blend as its own line. Local utility license taxes vary by locality and are not included.

Model coverage: PSE files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (Schedule 7: 14.8363¢ first 600 kWh / 16.778¢ above, blended to 15.48¢ at 900 kWh); the bundle shown also counts the Schedule 95 power cost adjustment (3.8719¢) and the federal BPA residential exchange credit (−0.6648¢) as energy. PSE runs about 41% above Washington's EIA average, which blends much cheaper hydro-rich municipal and PUD utilities (Seattle City Light, Tacoma Power) — validated under our utility-anchor exception: the WA UTC's December 2025 order implies about 19.4¢/kWh at 800 kWh, within ~4% of this tariff model. PSE's pending 2026 general rate case would add roughly $28/mo in early 2027.

Tax coverage: Washington's state utility tax is embedded in PSE's rates rather than billed as a separate line; the municipal tax (Schedule 81) varies by city and is excluded.

Model coverage: Schedule R.S. files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate with no published generation-versus-delivery split: 11.10¢ for the first 500 kWh and 9.584¢ above it, blended to 10.43¢ at 900 kWh. A third winter block (6.15¢ over 1,350 kWh in January, February and December) does not reach a 900 kWh bill, so the blend is the same year-round. The bundle shown also counts the Expanded Net Energy Cost rider (5.489¢) as energy, because it recovers fuel and purchased power at cost. The Consumer Rate Relief charge is counted as a fee rather than energy: it services securitized bonds the company sold to repay a fuel deferral accumulated from 2009 to 2012, so it is a non-bypassable legacy cost rather than the price of current energy. Modeled from Appalachian Power's own July 1, 2026 bill-calculation workbook, which reproduces the company's published typical bills exactly ($182.29 at 1,000 kWh and $342.97 at 2,000 kWh).

Tax coverage: West Virginia's Business & Occupation tax and the municipal utility tax are both levied per municipality — zero in unincorporated areas and varying by city elsewhere — so neither is included. Appalachian Power's own bill calculator leaves both blank until a city is selected.

Model coverage: Rg-1 files one bundled energy-and-delivery rate (19.342¢/kWh); the bundle shown also counts the 0.199¢ fuel cost adjustment as energy. Matches the OpenEI URDB bundled model exactly (21.26¢ at 900 kWh).

Tax coverage: Wisconsin state and county sales taxes are not included in this model.

Model coverage: From the official Wyoming Price Summary effective July 1, 2026. Schedule 2 files one bundled energy-and-delivery base rate (8.136¢/kWh); the bundle shown also counts the ECAM power-cost rider (2.762¢ + 0.331¢ deferred) and the REC credit (−0.053¢) as energy. The two percentage riders add ≈0.34¢/kWh and $0.71/mo, matching the published combined prices of 11.515¢/kWh and $24.24/mo.

Tax coverage: Any applicable state or municipal taxes are not included in this model.